Journal of Refrigeration
ISSN (online) 2097-650X
ISSN (print) 0253-4339
CN 11-2182/TB
Superintended:China Association for Science and Technology
Sponsored:Chinese Association of Refrigeration
Published:Journal of Refrigeration Magazines Agency Co., Ltd.
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2026年第47卷第4期
- 摘要：Against the backdrop of global climate change mitigation and the accelerating transition toward low-GWP refrigerants， research on alternative refrigerants for variable refrigerant flow （VRF） systems has emerged as a critical focus in refrigeration and air conditioning. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent advances in low-GWP refrigerant replacement technologies for VRF systems. A three-dimensional analytical framework encompassing "policy-performance-technology" was developed to systematically evaluate the influence of regulatory policies in major global economies on technological pathways and to assess the thermophysical properties of alternative refrigerants such as R32 and R454B. The findings indicated that R32 offered a 2.1%-10.2% improvement in energy efficiency compared with R410A although stricter control measures were required because of its A2L flammability classification. In contrast， low-GWP refrigerants， such as R454C， met environmental requirements but resulted in a 5.9%-7.6% decline in energy efficiency. Key technological breakthroughs were reviewed， including compressor optimization， lubricant management， and long-distance refrigerant distribution. Special emphasis was placed on safety-enhancing solutions such as intelligent refrigerant charge diagnostics based on deep learning and the application of secondary loop systems to reduce the charge of flammable refrigerants. To address the challenges related to material compatibility and system integration， a phased implementation roadmap was proposed. This review provided a systematic theoretical foundation for the low-carbon transition of the VRF industry and offered valuable insights for future policymaking and technology development.关键词：variable refrigerant flow system;refrigerant substitution;safe application;system optimization755|2025|0更新时间：2026-08-06
- 摘要：This study describes the technical research results on liquefied natural gas （LNG） cold-energy utilization in recent years and highlights the advantages， disadvantages， challenges， and practical applications of these technologies. Based on the intersectionality， comprehensiveness， and practicality of applied research， this study discusses the future development trend of LNG cold-energy utilization. LNG cold-energy cryogenic-storage biotechnology is constructively proposed， and the development trend and research strategy are suggested in terms of a multi-combined generation system based on the current cogeneration system utilizing LNG. It also emphasizes the necessity of accelerating the establishment of a process experimental platform， thereby strengthening research on system performance from multiple perspectives and enhancing the safety assessment of the system. Finally， future applicable fields and overall research directions for LNG cold energy are proposed and analyzed.关键词：liquefied natural gas;cold energy recovery;cascade utilization;cryogenic technology479|2103|0更新时间：2026-08-06
- 摘要：In the context of the global energy crisis and the increasingly severe environmental pollution， the high energy consumption and carbon emissions of air-conditioning systems have become important factors restricting sustainable development. As a crucial component of air-conditioning systems， the performance of terminal devices contributes significantly to the enhancement of the overall energy efficiency of the system. This study examines the latest research progress in terminal technologies for central air-conditioning systems. It systematically reviews the core contents of various types of terminals， such as convective heat-transfer terminals （fan-coil units and variable air-volume units） and radiant heat-transfer terminals， including their operating principles， technological evolution， mathematical-model construction， intelligent-control strategies， and fault-diagnosis methods. The limitations of the existing technical systems are expounded by comparing and analyzing the performance characteristics and applicable scenarios of different terminal technologies. Based on the goals of energy-efficiency improvement and emission reduction， development directions and innovative paths for future air-conditioning terminal technologies are proposed， thus providing a theoretical basis and technical support for promoting green transformation in the fields of heating， ventilation， and air-conditioning.关键词：air-conditioning terminal;simulation;control strategy;fault diagnosis;energy-saving optimization399|3246|0更新时间：2026-08-06
- 摘要：ObjectiveCombined heat and power centralized heating can supply steam to surrounding industrial enterprises by using the steam from turbine， which is an efficient way of steam supply. However， as the supply distance increases， the temperature drop and pressure loss of the steam become severe. This study aims to propose a new absorption-compression coupled high-temperature heat pump cycle system， which uses the existing combined heat and power pipeline network to transport hot water and generates steam at the user site， effectively expanding the coverage of combined heat and power steam supply. In this paper， a thermodynamic simulation model of the heat pump system is established， and the influences of the supply water temperature of the primary network， the temperature of the micro-pressure steam， and the steam supply temperature on the performance of the heat pump are analyzed in detail.MethodsThis study combines the absorption heat exchanger with the vapor compression heat pump， and proposes an absorption-compression coupled high-temperature heat pump cycle system. This paper uses theoretical simulation methods to analyze the influence of key parameters on the performance of the heat pump system. Based on the principles of energy conservation and mass conservation， the thermodynamic steady-state model of the system is established， and the thermodynamic equations are solved using the engineering equation solver （EES） software. Through parameter sensitivity analysis， the effects of the supply water temperature of the primary network， the micro-pressure steam temperature， and the steam supply temperature on the system performance are studied.Results and Discussions The higher the supply temperature of the primary network， the greater the capacity of the absorption heat exchanger to increase the temperature， the larger the COP of the coupled system， and the lower the unit steam consumption. When the supply water temperature is 120 ℃ and the steam generated is 180 ℃， the temperature rise coefficient of the absorption heat exchanger is 0.37. The coupled system COP is 2.56， and the unit steam consumption is 292.5 kW∙h/（t/h）. Compared with the case where the supply water temperature is 95 ℃， the COP increases by 2.7%， and the unit steam consumption decreases by 2.5%. As the temperature of the micro-pressure steam increases from 75 ℃ to 100 ℃， the COP of the coupled system first increases and then decreases， and the unit steam consumption first decreases and then increases. When the temperature of the micro-pressure steam is 80 ℃， the COP of the coupled system is the maximum value of 2.6， and the unit steam consumption is the minimum value of 285.3 kW∙h/（t/h）. As the steam supply temperature increases， the COP of the coupled system monotonically decreases， and the unit steam consumption monotonically increases. When the steam supply temperature increases from 100 ℃ to 200 ℃， the COP of the coupled system decreases from 4.3 to 2.3， and the unit steam consumption increases from 166.2 kW∙h/（t/h） to 316.0 kW∙h/（t/h）.ConclusionsThe absorption-compression coupled high-temperature heat pump system proposed in this paper provides an effective solution for long-distance hot water supply to steam. The supply water temperature of the primary network， the micro-pressure steam temperature， and the steam supply temperature are the key factors affecting the system performance. This system offers a feasible approach for expanding the steam supply range of combined heat and power and improving the comprehensive energy utilization rate.关键词：high-temperature steam heat pump;absorption-compression coupling;long-distance transportation of hot water;terminal steam preparation;large temperature difference373|1814|0更新时间：2026-08-06
- 摘要：The heat pump system， as a core component of the thermal management system in new energy commercial vehicles， plays a critical role in improving vehicle range and economic efficiency through energy efficiency optimization and multi-mode cooperative control. This study employed R134a as the refrigerant and developed a multivariate cooperative control framework based on the proportional-integral （PI） control algorithm. The dynamic performance characteristics of the heat pump system under diverse environmental conditions were systematically investigated using the advanced modeling environment for simulations （Amesim）. Focusing on two typical operating scenarios： high-temperature cooling at 40 ℃ and wide-range low-temperature heating （-15 ℃ to 0 ℃）， a hierarchical control strategy integrating air-， water-， and dual-source coupled heat pump modes was proposed， along with a cascaded waste heat utilization model for motors. The results show that in the dual-target cooling mode， the system achieves simultaneous temperature control for the battery pack and cabin within 200 s， with the compressor power stabilized at approximately 7 000 W and a coefficient of performance （COP） ranging from 2.5 to 3.0. Under low-temperature heating conditions， the dual-source heat pump mode achieved a heating COP of 2.1， representing 60% energy savings over traditional PTC heating systems.关键词：electrical vehicle;commercial vehicle;heat pump;heating strategy426|2116|0更新时间：2026-08-06
- 摘要：To improve heat dissipation in the thermal management of batteries for electric vehicles， this study proposes a bionic structure based on shark scales. The design optimizes a phase-change material （PCM） heat sink in conjunction with axial air cooling to regulate battery temperature. Based on performance tests of the battery， a three-dimensional model was built to investigate and compare the heat dissipation of the battery under different conditions， including natural convection， forced convection， forced convection coupled with PCM， and forced convection coupled with bionics-optimized PCM. The results indicate that the temperature rise of the battery with the forced convection coupled with bionics-optimized PCM is only 33.6% of that with natural convection at a 2 C discharge rate， and the average temperature of the battery is 41.8 °C， which keeps the battery within a suitable temperature range. In addition， the bionic structure can reduce the pressure drop at the inlet and outlet by 4% compared with the traditional method.关键词：battery thermal management;composite phase change materials;bionic optimization;forced convection320|883|0更新时间：2026-08-06
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2 Jul 2026
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12 Jan 2026
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22 Aug 2025
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3 Mar 2025
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