Cryopreservation technology has enabled biomedical applications such as cell-based therapies and assisted reproductive technology. Intracellular and extracellular ice formation and growth can lead to freezing injuries. The warming and cooling rates are closely related to the formation and growth of ice. This review first introduces two typical cryopreservation methods

namely slow programmable freezing and vitrification

and the two-factor damage mechanism. Three factors influencing cell cryopreservation are discussed. Accordingly

advances in optimization strategies and devices are classified into three categories. In detail

advances in warming and cooling strategies and related devices have been discussed. Finally

the challenges and perspectives are examined.