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1.华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院 武汉 430074
2. 华中科技大学智能制造装备与技术全国重点实验室 武汉 430074
申利梅,女,教授,华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,18674008783,E-mail:ep_shenlimei@hust.edu.cn,研究方向:热电制冷及发电技术,光电子器件热管理技术。
收稿:2026-03-18,
修回:2026-04-07,
录用:2026-04-21,
网络首发:2026-06-16,
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晏君豪,申利梅,刘志春,等. 柔性热电器件研究进展[J]. 制冷学报,XXXX,XX(XX):1-17.
Yan Junhao,Shen Limei,Liu Zhichun,et al. Research Progress in Flexible Thermoelectric Devices[J]. Journal of Refrigeration,XXXX,XX(XX):1-17.
晏君豪,申利梅,刘志春,等. 柔性热电器件研究进展[J]. 制冷学报,XXXX,XX(XX):1-17. DOI: 10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20260318003.
Yan Junhao,Shen Limei,Liu Zhichun,et al. Research Progress in Flexible Thermoelectric Devices[J]. Journal of Refrigeration,XXXX,XX(XX):1-17. DOI: 10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20260318003.
柔性热电器件具备优良的弯曲能力与表面贴合特性,能够直接将非平面热源的低品位热能转化为电能或实现曲面的快速制冷,在可穿戴电子设备、物联网无线传感器的自供电及柔性电子器件冷却等领域展现独特优势,受到学术界与工业界的广泛关注。近十年柔性热电器件得到快速发展,尤其在开发高性能的柔性有机热电器件,发展薄膜化的柔性无机热电器件,构筑柔性基底与刚性材料结合的柔性热电器件等方面取得突破,目前柔性热电器件贴附于人体皮肤可输出1.6 mW的电能或产生约10 ℃的冷却温差。随着柔性电子技术的持续演进,对自供电与冷却技术的需求日益提升,鉴于此,本文以柔性拓扑方案为主线,对柔性热电器件展开综述,通过定义热电臂的无量纲特征长度作为区分依据,将器件划分为一维纤维、二维膜状、三维块体3类。总结了该技术工程化应用面临的瓶颈问题,如受限环境下功率密度不足、低热阻封装技术缺失等,并展望了从结构设计到系统化集成层面的优化途径,旨在为柔性热电器件的实用化发展提供方向。
Significance
2
With the growing popularity of wireless sensors and wearable electronic devices in the IoT, the demand for in situ self-powered and flexible cooling technology has increased significantly. Flexible thermoelectric devices, capable of conforming intimately to curved heat sources, such as the human body, offer a unique solution by converting low-grade thermal energy from non-planar surfaces into electricity or localized cooling. These capabilities provide distinct advantages in applications such as self-powered wearable systems and thermal management of flexible electronics. The core strategy for realizing flexible thermoelectric devices involves integrating flexible thermoelectric materials or fabricating them into thin-film structures. Limited by materials and processing techniques, the first reported flexible thermoelectric device was not achieved until 2001, when a team from the Dresden University of Technology fabricated 50 pairs of 10-μm-thick antimony (p-type) and bismuth (n-type) strips embedded in a flexible epoxy resin membrane. The device generated an output voltage of approximately 0.25 V under a temperature difference of 30 K. Current research on flexible thermodynamic devices can be broadly categorized into three main types: (i) high-performance flexible organic thermoelectric devices, (ii) thin-film-based flexible inorganic thermoelectric devices, and (iii) hybrid devices integrating rigid thermoelectric materials with flexible substrates. Over the past decade, flexible thermoelectric devices have achieved significant progress. For example, the device generated a maximum output power of 1.6 mW and maintained a temperature reduction of approximately 10 ℃ on skin, accelerating progress toward the practical application of flexible thermoelectric technologies.
Progress
2
This review considers the flexible topological scheme of thermoelectric devices as the main focus and systematically examines studies published over the past decade. A dimensionless characteristic length
L/d
was introduced for the thermoelectric arm, and its correlation with the figure of merit (
ZT
) of the material was discussed. One-dimensional fiber-based devices primarily fall within the range of
L/d
>
10, whereas two-dimensional film-like devices typically exhibited
L/d
<
0.1. Three-dimensional bulk devices generally exhibited
L/d
values of 0.1-10. Based on these findings, a classification framework for flexible thermoelectric devices was proposed according to the range of L/d. Meanwhile, one-dimensional fibrous devices demonstrated the best flexibility and wearing comfort, with normalized power density is only 0.86 μW/(cm
2
·K
2
). Two-dimensional film-like devices can be further categorized into thin-film, thick-film, and folding-type configurations, with maximum power density reaching 30 μW/(cm
2
·K
2
). Three-dimensional bulk devices achieved a steady output power of 1.6 μW on skin, which is sufficient to power common sensors and wearable devices, demonstrating strong potential for practical engineering applications. Flexible cooling devices, however, remain in the early stages of development, and the maximum temperature reduction on skin can reach 10 ℃.
Conclusion and Prospect However, several bottlenecks in flexible thermoelectric devices must still be addressed. This review proposes the following directions for future optimization: (i) Developing three-dimensionally integrated device architectures, such as folding, curling, and multilayer stacking. (ii) constructing encapsulation structures with the ability to guide heat flow by directing it through the thermoelectric arms in a specific direction. (iii) selecting fatigue-resistant materials, such as flexible polyimides or silicone elastomers for encapsulation and designing stress-buffering structures to improve long-term operational reliability. (iv) advancing biomimetic designs in which the structure matches the Young's modulus of human skin and enhances moisture permeability, avoiding sudden and significant temperature drops in TEC, (v) improving performance evaluation system by considering key parameters, such as cooling capacity and coefficient of performance (COP), and developing accurate test methods and relevant standards (vi) integrating devices with efficient power management circuits and low-power energy storage units to support the stable operation of practical electronic devices.
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