最新刊期
卷 47 ， 期 1 ， 2026
- 摘要：SignificanceThe rapid expansion of artificial intelligence， large satellite constellations， and deep-space exploration is reshaping global demand for computing infrastructure. On Earth， the continued scaling of data centers has resulted in a sharp rise in energy consumption and increasingly severe thermal constraints， driven by limitations in power supply and cooling efficiency. In the space domain， observation platforms and interplanetary missions generate a growing volume of raw data； however， their heavy reliance on downlink-based processing remains constrained by limited bandwidth and communication latency. These parallel trends have stimulated growing interest in space data centers as a means of deploying computing capabilities directly in orbit or deep space. An early conceptualization of space data centers and their enabling technologies was proposed in late 2011 by researchers at the Chinese Academy of Sciences， accompanied by a patent （CN201110452453.4）. By exploiting near-continuous solar power and the cold environment of space， space data centers offer a potential pathway to reducing the overall energy cost of computation while enabling on-orbit data processing， prioritization， and storage. Their practical realization， however， is fundamentally constrained by thermal management technology. The combination of high power density， distributed heat sources， extended heat transport distances， and microgravity-induced flow instability places thermal management at the core of system design. Rather than serving as an auxiliary function， thermal control directly determines system reliability， mass efficiency， and the extent to which space data centers can be scaled beyond early demonstrators.ProgressThermal control technologies for space data centers can be broadly categorized into passive and active approaches， which together establish baseline thermal balance and provide enhanced heat transport and regulation capabilities. Passive thermal control techniques， including heat pipes， thermal interface materials （TIMs）， phase change materials （PCMs）， radiators， and thermal control coatings， rely on conduction， radiation， and latent heat buffering to stabilize system temperatures with minimal energy input. Advances in variable-conductance heat pipes and loop heat pipes have improved temperature regulation and long-distance heat transport， while emerging TIMs emphasize reduced contact resistance， radiation tolerance， and long-term stability. PCMs are increasingly integrated with heat spreaders and vapor chambers to buffer cyclic and transient thermal loads， and radiator technologies are evolving toward lightweight， variable-emissivity designs capable of dynamically responding to orbital environments. Active thermal control technologies play an indispensable role as input power and thermal load increase. Mechanically pumped fluid loops and pump-driven two-phase convection systems use circulating working fluids to transport large amounts of heat away from concentrated sources， offering higher heat transport capacity and improved temperature uniformity. Significant progress has been achieved in multi-kilowatt-class systems through improvements in pump reliability， accumulator design， and two-phase flow stability in a microgravity environment. Complementary active components， including heaters， thermoelectric coolers， and thermal switches， enable precise local temperature regulation， low-temperature survival in extreme environments， and adaptive control of thermal pathways. Collectively， these technologies have been validated on platforms such as space stations， planetary probes， and high-power satellites， providing a technical foundation for future space data center deployment.Conclusion and Prospect Current thermal control strategies for space data centers are largely based on the combined use of passive and active approaches and have so far supported systems with power levels on the order of several tens of kilowatts. As computing capacity continues to expand， however， these approaches are approaching their intrinsic limits. At the hundreds-of-kilowatts and megawatt levels， constraints associated with radiative heat rejection， system mass growth， and controllability under variable operating conditions are expected to intensify， placing thermal management at the core of system-level scalability. Further advancement demands integrated thermal architectures that address heat generation， transport， storage， and rejection in a coordinated manner across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Progress in microgravity two-phase heat transfer， compact thermal energy storage， and lightweight radiators with controllable emissivity will be particularly critical， alongside the development of thermal materials that combine ultralow thermal resistance with long-term tolerance to the space environment. Cutting-edge thermal management strategies， such as liquid metal cooling， are expected to play increasingly important roles in addressing the extreme heat flux challenges posed by AI chips. Advances in these directions will be decisive in determining whether space data centers can evolve from early demonstrations into a robust and scalable computing infrastructure for future space missions.关键词：space data center;thermal control and management;active cooling;passive cooling;high-power heat dissipation907|1787|0更新时间：2026-03-12
- 摘要：With advances in artificial intelligence （AI）， massive computing demands have driven the development of AI chips. In particular， the recently proposed chiplet technology provides an advanced chip packaging and integration solution that offers high computing performance at a high yield rate and low cost， thus delivering solid hardware support for AI development. Chiplet-based chips are characterized by large area and high heat power， and their 3D chip stacking design leads to cooling challenges such as non-uniform heat flux distribution， long heat conduction paths for multilayer chips， and relatively thick thermal interface materials. These thermal issues are key bottlenecks limiting chip performance， making efficient chiplet thermal management a critical challenge in AI development. The progress in advanced liquid cooling technologies， including single- and two-phase liquid cooling solutions， is reviewed. Based on the cooling architecture， liquid cooling solutions can be categorized as cold-plate， near-junction-region， and immersion liquid cooling. In addition， the heat dissipation challenges and cooling strategies in 2.5D and 3D chiplets are summarized， providing a reference for the application and development of liquid cooling technologies for high-power， large-area AI chips.关键词：artificial intelligence;Chiplet;chip thermal management;single-phase liquid cooling;two-phase liquid cooling868|1214|0更新时间：2026-03-12
- 摘要：The increasing demand for computing power in data centers has led to a surge in energy consumption. Almost all the electricity consumed is converted into waste heat， which promotes the development of waste heat recovery technologies in data centers. Sorption-based technologies， driven by thermal energy， can reduce electricity consumption while enabling the multifunctional utilization of waste heat. However， most studies on sorption-based technologies have focused on building and industrial waste heat scenarios. This study reviews and summarizes a novel sorption-based technology framework tailored for data centers， covering five key areas： device-level thermal management， cooling driven by waste heat， energy storage， power generation from waste heat， and atmospheric water harvesting. A key quantitative finding of the study is a temperature drop of up to 21 ℃ （25 kW/m2） using sorption-based salt–water heat sinks. Furthermore， the study compares the performance differences among single-effect， double-effect， and pressurized sorption cooling systems driven by 40-60 ℃ heat sources， with a coefficient of performance （COP） above 0.7. The role of sorption-based thermal energy storage in peak shaving， valley filling， and renewable energy integration is reviewed. The power generation efficiency of sorption-based power systems under low-grade heat sources is examined， and the potential of atmospheric water harvesting from waste heat and cooling tower exhaust air recovery in relation to water conservation is analyzed， which can reduce the water usage effectiveness （WUE） by approximately 75%. In addition， key technical challenges， including material stability， heat and mass transfer enhancement， system control strategies， and engineering integration， are summarized. Overall， this study provides a new technical pathway for the diversified utilization of sorption-based technologies in data centers with significant implications for achieving energy and water conservation.关键词：data centers;heat recovery technologies;sorption-based technologies;energy savings;water conservation283|604|0更新时间：2026-03-12
- 摘要：With the rapid development of information technology and the wide application of intelligent arithmetic， the power density of a single cabinet continues to increase. Such high-power-density configurations cause severe cooling challenges while significantly increasing computing power. This study tests a two-phase microchannel self-driven cabinet-level air-cooling system for data centers dominated by air-cooling technology. The test results show that the system can achieve a heat-transfer capacity of 40 kW. The system is subsequently applied to a high-density cabinet demonstration project in Taiyuan. The measured data show that when the power of the cabinet reaches 30 kW under full-load conditions， this system can effectively satisfy its heat-dissipation requirements. In addition， this study constructs a heat-transfer model based on experimental data and further explores the heat-transfer capability of two-phase self-driven cabinet-level air-cooled terminals under different external conditions， with the aim of exploring the limits of air-cooling systems. The results show that the air-cooled terminal can realize a heat dissipation of 65.2 kW if the return air temperature of the cabinet-level terminal is maintained at 35 ℃， the temperature of the chilled water source is as low as 12 ℃， and the wind speed on the terminal reaches 5 m/s. Based on experimental validation and theoretical analysis， this study offers new possibilities and technical support for stock air-cooled data centers to further improve their arithmetic power.关键词：Intelligent computing;High-density cabinet;Air-cooling system;cooling capacity453|940|0更新时间：2026-03-12
- 摘要：Parameter coupling of a combined data center cooling and waste heat recovery system increases control complexity. Model， measurement， and execution errors significantly reduce control accuracy and limit improvements in energy efficiency. To address multi-objective conflicts affecting system benefits and quantify performance fluctuations from uncertainty parameters， this study proposes a multi-objective optimization strategy to collaboratively optimize the energy consumption and operation cost of the combined cooling and waste heat recovery system in the Dongjiang Lake water source data center and uses Monte Carlo simulation to quantify the robustness of the control strategy under different uncertainty parameters. Compared with those of rule-based control， the multi-objective optimization strategy reduces the total energy consumption by 11.07%， operational costs by 16.25%， and PUE by 0.01. Relative to those of single-objective energy optimization， energy consumption increases marginally （0.28%）， whereas costs decrease significantly （3.20%）. Compared with those of single-objective cost optimization， energy consumption decreases by 0.77%， with only a 0.54% cost increase. Although multi-objective optimization exhibits slightly higher variation coefficients for individual performance metrics than those of single-objective optimization strategies， its energy consumption variation is 2.8% lower than that of single-objective cost optimization， while cost variation is 2.2% lower than that of single-objective energy optimization. This strategy maintains relatively low heat storage/release mode misjudgment rates， confirming the global robustness advantages under multi-parameter uncertainty.关键词：data center;waste heat recovery;multi-objective optimization;uncertainty parameters;control strategy237|393|0更新时间：2026-03-12
- 摘要：Waste-heat recovery and utilization represent key technological pathways for promoting the low-carbon development of data centers. A comprehensive analysis of annual energy consumption and carbon emissions， coupled with a rational evaluation of system-level efficiency， is essential for advancing the integrated utilization of data-center resources. This study focuses on an integrated cooling and waste-heat recovery system in data centers and proposes two evaluation indicators from the perspectives of energy and carbon emissions： general exergy efficiency，
- 摘要：Implementing efficient， clean， and energy-saving cooling solutions is important to decarbonize data centers. This study investigates a variable-spacing multijet direct-chip cooling device that increases the heat-transfer coefficient and improves temperature uniformity. The effects of the coolant flow rate， inlet temperature， pin-fin design parameters， and jet hole spacings on the thermal resistance， pressure drop， standard deviation of temperature， and Nusselt number are investigated. The dataset for the surrogate model construction is obtained based on computational fluid dynamics and Latin hypercube-sampling experimental designs. An artificial neural network model is developed with structural and thermal parameters as inputs and thermal resistance， pressure drop， and temperature uniformity as outputs. An algorithm called constrained multi-objective optimization based on the even search is used to find the solution. The optimization results show that the optimal design outperforms the initial design and has better performance specifications than those of existing studies for both thermal and hydraulic performances. Thus， it has good prospects for engineering applications. Herein， the optimization of variable-spacing multijet direct-chip cooling is investigated， enabling the chip to operate at a higher performance level.关键词：data center;Jet impingement cooling;high heat flux;Surrogate model;multi-objective optimization278|412|0更新时间：2026-03-12
- 摘要：Applying data-driven fault-diagnosis models to data center air-conditioning systems can significantly improve operational reliability. However， these models often lack diagnostic interpretability， which limits their application. This study develops a composite fault-diagnosis model based on typical machine-learning algorithms， compares the diagnostic performance of different models， and conducts interpretability research on the diagnostic models using the Shapley additive explanation method. The results demonstrate that the convolutional neural network （CNN）-based fault-diagnosis model achieves optimal performance in both the heat-pipe and vapor-compression modes， with F-1 scores exceeding 0.999 across all classifications. In the heat-pipe mode， the diagnosis of the CNN model primarily relies on the condenser-fan frequency， outdoor temperature， and refrigerant-pump power consumption as key features， whereas in the vapor-compression mode， the dominant features are the outdoor temperature， compressor frequency， and subcooling degree.关键词：data center;composite air conditioning system;fault diagnosis;interpretability study335|432|0更新时间：2026-03-12
- 摘要：To address the heat dissipation challenges associated with high power density in intelligent computing centers， this study proposes an air-liquid dual source cooling system. The system utilizes a unified cold source with a stepwise water flow sequence of "air-cooling first， liquid-cooling second" to reduce exergy loss and match the temperature-grade of the respective cold source. The internal flow channel of the cooling unit was optimized through computational fluid dynamics simulations， and its performance was experimentally tested under high-temperature with high-humidity， moderate-temperature with moderate-humidity， and low-temperature conditions. Results indicate that the optimized unit achieves an outlet water temperature as low as 32.17 ℃ with a maximum coefficient of performance （COP） of 28.03 under high-temperature conditions. The unit also enables complete natural cooling under moderate conditions and reaches a peak COP of 33.4 under low-temperature conditions while maintaining stable operation. The system's overall approach degree ranges from 0.1 ℃ to 1.8 ℃， and its cooling capacity reaches 105.3%， outperforming the national standard. This study provides an efficient and practical cooling solution for high-density intelligent computing centers.关键词：air-liquid dual source;artificial intelligence data center;evaporative cooling;stepwise heat dissipation;approach degree223|354|0更新时间：2026-03-12
- 摘要：A numerical simulation method is used to investigate the flow and heat-transfer enhancement characteristics of a dimple-enhanced data center air-handling unit heat exchanger with Reynolds numbers ranging from 5 728 to 11 176. Traditional spherical dimples and three novel dimple types （ellipsoid， rounded stick， and rounded trapezoid） are studied. The results indicate that the traditional spherical dimple has poor heat-transfer enhancement performance， as its highest performance-evaluation criterion （PEC） is 1.067 （spherical dimple R15h2 with Re = 8 383）. Compared with the spherical-dimple channel， the high-velocity regions are all closer to the wall for the three novel dimple channels， which creates a thinner boundary layer that enhances heat transfer. Among the three novel dimple channels， the heat-transfer ability of the rounded-stick dimple channel is better than that of the ellipsoid dimple channel because of the larger high-velocity area near the upper wall of the channel and the fluid-impingement effect. The more complex second-flow vortexes result in a higher heat-transfer ability for the rounded trapezoid dimple channel compared with the rounded stick dimple. Under the same pumping power， the rounded trapezoid dimple channel can enhance the heat transfer by up to 33% compared with a flat-plate channel when Re = 5 728. In addition， the PEC of the rounded trapezoid dimple channel is larger than 1.27 in the tested Re region.关键词：data center;heat transfer enhancement;dimple structure;air cooler275|526|0更新时间：2026-03-12
- 摘要：At liquid-helium temperatures， the adsorption capacity of porous materials is typically measured using a volumetric method. Because the adsorption-measurement device consists of a low-temperature section and an ambient-temperature section， a temperature gradient is distributed along the gas pipeline connecting the two sections. This distribution is difficult to determine experimentally； therefore， an approximation is required to estimate the amount of gas in the non-isothermal section and subsequently calculate the adsorption capacity. This study reviews four existing estimation methods for the non-isothermal section and proposes a new temperature distribution based on one-dimensional heat conduction that consider variable thermal conductivity. Using this temperature distribution as a reference， the effects of the four estimation methods on the adsorption capacity are analyzed under different experimental conditions. The results show that the errors introduced by the overall ambient-temperature and linear-distribution methods are smaller than those introduced by the overall low-temperature and segmented-treatment methods when estimating the amount of gas contained in the non-isothermal section. However， these two methods may also result in measurement errors of more than 10% under the experimental conditions of a higher measurement temperature， lower ambient temperature， larger non-isothermal-section volume， smaller adsorbent mass loading， and weaker adsorption capacity per unit mass.关键词：adsorption capacity;volumetric method;temperature distribution;liquid helium temperature range100|96|0更新时间：2026-03-12
- 摘要：The basic thermophysical properties and cycle performances of refrigerant mixtures are compared and analyzed in automotive heat pumps. The following mixtures are analyzed： R134a， R1234yf， R290， R410A， and eight mixtures containing flame retardant R1216， including five binary mixtures comprising R1234ze（E）， R152a， R1234yf， R290， and R127 with R1216 and three ternary mixtures， R1234yf/R161/R1216， R134a/R161/R1216， and R1123/R32/R1216. The results show that all the mixtures are environmentally friendly and stable in operation， with Global Warming Potential （GWP） values lower than 150 and temperature glide lower than 3 ℃. R152a/R1216 （60/40） has similar thermophysical properties and cycle performance when compared to R134a and exhibits an approximately 11% increase in the heating coefficient of performance （COP）. R290/R1216 （60/40）， R1270/R1216 （60/40）， R1234yf/R161/R1216 （40/40/20）， and R134a/R161/R1216 （10/50/40） exhibit higher volumetric cooling/heating capacities， ranging from 113% to 180% that of R134a. R1123/R32/R1216 （60/20/20） has a lower cooling COP than R134a and R410A by 84% and 93%， respectively. However， it has the highest volumetric performance， outperforming R134a and R410A by approximately 104% and 109%， respectively. These refrigerant mixtures may be applied to small mobile cooling systems such as electric-vehicle heat pumps； however， further experimental validation is necessary for their application and promotion.关键词：flame retardant R1216;refrigerant substitution;refrigerant mixture;heat pump air conditioner192|238|0更新时间：2026-03-12
- 摘要：Thermal-management systems for electric vehicles have become a key research focus for enhancing cabin thermal comfort and battery performance. This study proposes a direct-cooling system architecture to address the different temperature-response characteristics of cabins and power batteries. A dual-objective temperature-control strategy is developed based on ambient temperature， vehicle operating status， and real-time load temperature information， enabling the dynamic adjustment of thermal-control priorities between the cabin and battery to ensure optimal system performance. A thermal-management system test bench is constructed in an environmental chamber， and a simulation model of the vehicle thermal-management system is developed. Performance comparisons are conducted between the three control strategies under various driving conditions and ambient temperatures. The results demonstrate that the dual-objective strategy exhibits superior temperature-control capability and energy efficiency across different environmental conditions， along with optimal battery state-of-charge （SOC） recovery performance. Under 35 ℃ high-temperature conditions， the cabin and battery reach target temperatures within 51 s and 547 s， respectively. Under -7 ℃ low-temperature conditions， they reach preset values within 127 s and 365 s， respectively， with significantly improved SOC recovery rates. Although the dual-objective strategy slightly increases energy consumption （approximately 1.2%-3.0% higher than the cabin-priority strategy）， it substantially enhances the battery thermal-control efficiency and overall system performance， demonstrating high potential for practical applications.关键词：electric vehicles;direct-Cooling system;control strategies;temperature control characteristics;energy flow179|366|0更新时间：2026-03-12
- 摘要：The timely identification of the leakage and diagnosis of the specific location and degree of leakage can guarantee safe system operation of district cooling and heating systems. This study proposes an evidence-driven and neural network-based fault-monitoring and diagnosis method for district cooling and heating systems to mitigate the problem of traditional data-driven methods that rely on the quality and quantity of data， improving the robustness of the fault-monitoring and diagnosis model. The method utilizes a fault-monitoring model based on evidence-based K-nearest neighbor classifiers to monitor the system-operation status， and determines the specific leakage location and leakage amount through a neural-network-based leakage fault-diagnosis model. An actual district heating system in Chengde， Hebei Province， is used as a case study， and the results show that the accuracy of the method for fault monitoring and the diagnosis of district cooling/heating systems is 95.8%.关键词：district cooling and heating systems;evidence-driven;condition monitoring;fault diagnosis103|158|0更新时间：2026-03-12
- 摘要：Cold thermal-energy storage technology for air conditioning is an important measure to achieve "peak shaving and valley filling". This study proposes a water-based cold thermal-energy storage solution that utilizes the space under metro-platform slabs to create a labyrinth-type cold water-storage tank. To investigate the feasibility of this solution， we first design a scaled-down model experiment based on the Reynolds-number similarity criterion and employ various turbulence models to numerically simulate the cold release and storage processes in a cold-water tank. The accuracies of these turbulence models for such mixed flows are analyzed by comparing the experimental and numerical results. The comparison shows that the large-eddy model is more accurate for modeling turbulent flow in this type of labyrinthine cold water-storage tank with mixed flows. Numerical simulations show that the efficiency of charging and discharging cold thermal energy using labyrinth-type water-based cold thermal storage in the space under metro-platform slabs is approximately 60%.关键词：metro air-conditioner;labyrinth-type water-based cold thermal energy storage;turbulence model;model experiment105|216|0更新时间：2026-03-12
- 摘要：This study investigates the condensation heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics in horizontal tubes with different fin profiles and reveals their respective heat transfer enhancement mechanisms. Experiments are conducted to assess the heat-transfer coefficient and pressure-drop of condensation in heat-exchanger tubes with an outer diameter of 8 mm. The results of the study demonstrate that both the condensation heat-transfer coefficient and pressure drop exhibited within the examined tubes increase with an increase in the mass flux， whereas both decrease with an increase in the condensation temperature. The heat-transfer coefficient of the enhanced tubes increases by 38.5%-115.6% compared to that of the smooth tubes， whereas the pressure drop increases by 49%-173%. The secondary circulation formed by the spiral structure within the tube enhances heat transfer. Larger fin heights and smaller apex angles enhance the turbulence in the refrigerant fluid as it flows over the fin tips. An increased fin density increases heat transfer by expanding the heat-exchange area. A comparison of the heat-transfer coefficients per unit pressure drop shows that the enhanced tube with 18° spiral angle exhibits the best overall performance. The spiral angle enhances the heat transfer and significantly increases the pressure drop， indicating that improving heat transfer through more aggressive enhancement structures is not advisable. Finally， a comparison of the experimental values with various heat-transfer and pressure-drop correlations shows that the correlation by Olivier et al. alters the effect of turbulence on the results by reducing the weight of the equivalent Reynolds number in the correlation， resulting in a better prediction accuracy for the heat-transfer coefficient. Hirose et al. considered factors such as the Lockhart–Martinelli parameter and two-phase pressure-drop multiplier， making the predicted pressure drop more accurate. The average relative deviations of these factors are 11.4% and 18.2%， respectively.关键词：fin profile;R513A;condensation heat transfer;pressure drop;correlations127|196|0更新时间：2026-03-12
- 摘要：This study proposes a microchannel heat exchanger utilizing a symmetrical Tesla-valve structure to address the challenge of heat dissipation in high-performance electronic devices owing to increased integration and power density. By incorporating built-in diversion island designs， such as trapezoidal， crescent-shaped， and scallop-shaped protrusions， the disturbance of the fluid and mixing effects are enhanced. Numerical simulations are conducted using ANSYS FLUENT to assess the effects of various built-in diversion islands on the heat-transfer and flow characteristics of the microchannel and examine the effects of geometric parameters such as the arc angle and pitch. The results show that compared with conventional parallel straight tube microchannels， the three new structures significantly boost Nu and the performance-evaluation criterion （PEC）. Among these， the PEC of the trapezium straight tube microchannel （TSTM） structure ranges from 1.04 to 1.20， showcasing superior overall performance. The optimization of the geometric parameters reveals that the TSTM structure with an arc angle of 18° and a pitch of 3.0 mm achieves the highest heat-transfer efficiency and best overall performance.关键词：symmetrical Tesla-valve microchannel;built-in diversion island;enhanced heat transfer;flow resistance174|261|0更新时间：2026-03-12
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