Experimental Study on R454C Electric-Vehicle Heat-Pump System

Zhang Genyun; Zhang Yunlong; Huang Haozhe; Li Yulu; Zhang Lubao; Shi Junye; Chen Jiangping; Yu Binbin

doi:10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20260701001

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Experimental Study on R454C Electric-Vehicle Heat-Pump System

更新时间：2026-09-29

- Experimental Study on R454C Electric-Vehicle Heat-Pump System
- Journal of Refrigeration Pages: 1-10(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.奇瑞汽车股份有限公司芜湖 241009
  2. 上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院上海 200240
  3. 上海交通大学中关村研究院溧阳 213300
  4. 上海交通大学四川研究院成都 610213
- 作者简介：
  
  Yu Binbin， male， Ph. D.， School of Mechanical Engineering， Shanghai Jiao Tong University， 86-21-34206775， E-mail： ybbedc@sjtu.edu.cn. Research fields： new-energy-vehicle thermal management， wide-temperature-range heat pumps， and environmental-friendly refrigerants.
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20260701001
  CLC： TB61⁺1;TB657;U469.72
- Received：01 July 2026，
  
  Revised：2026-09-07，
  
  Accepted：07 September 2026，
  
  Online First：28 September 2026，
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
张根云，张云龙，黄浩哲，等. R454C电动汽车热泵系统实验研究［J］. 制冷学报，XXXX，XX（XX）：1-10.

Zhang Genyun，Zhang Yunlong，Huang Haozhe，et al. Experimental Study on R454C Electric-Vehicle Heat-Pump System［J］. Journal of Refrigeration，XXXX，XX（XX）：1-10.
张根云，张云龙，黄浩哲，等. R454C电动汽车热泵系统实验研究［J］. 制冷学报，XXXX，XX（XX）：1-10. DOI： 10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20260701001.

Zhang Genyun，Zhang Yunlong，Huang Haozhe，et al. Experimental Study on R454C Electric-Vehicle Heat-Pump System［J］. Journal of Refrigeration，XXXX，XX（XX）：1-10. DOI： 10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20260701001.

摘要

为明确低全球变暖潜值（GWP）非共沸制冷剂R454C在电动汽车多模式热管理系统中的适用性，并揭示温度滑移对系统性能及乘员舱出风均匀性的影响，本文搭建了兼具乘员舱直接蒸发和冷却液二次回路的集成热泵实验台架，开展单乘员舱制冷、单电池冷却、双制冷及低温制热实验，分析充注量、过热度、前端风速和压缩机转速的影响。结果表明：多模式系统充注量应依据各运行模式性能平台重叠区间及压力安全裕量共同确定，本台架推荐值为1 025 g；高温制冷下，强化前端传热对性能提升更显著，并呈边际收益递减。直接蒸发模式中，过热度增大会扩展局部干涸/过热区，并与温度滑移和多流路分配不均耦合，导致出风均匀性下降。相同硬件及控制边界下，R454C在40～43 ℃制冷工况下的COP较R134a提高13.8%～20.0%，并可维持至-20 ℃有效低温运行。研究表明：对于具有温度滑移特性的低GWP混合制冷剂，车用热泵的优化应由单参数寻优转向充注量、过热度、传热能力及系统传热路径的协同匹配，可为非共沸低GWP制冷剂在电动汽车热管理系统中的系统设计与控制提供依据。

Abstract

To evaluate the low Global-Warming-Potential （GWP） zeotropic refrigerant R454C in multimode thermal management systems for electric vehicles， an integrated heat pump test bench was developed that combines direct expansion in cabin with a secondary coolant loop to analyze the effects of temperature glide on system performance and cabin outlet-air uniformity. Experiments were conducted under standalone cabin cooling， battery-only cooling， combined cabin-and-battery cooling， and low-temperature heating modes to investigate the effects of refrigerant charge， superheat， frontal air velocity， and compressor speed. The results show that the refrigerant charge of a multimode system should be determined by considering both the overlapping performance plateau ranges of different operating modes and the pressure safety margin， with 1 025 g identified as the recommended charge for the present test bench. Under high-ambient-temperature cooling conditions， enhancing frontal heat rejection exerts a more pronounced effect on system performance， although the benefit exhibits diminishing returns as air velocity increases. In direct-expansion mode， an increase in superheat expands the local dryout and superheated regions. Exaggerated by refrigerant temperature glide and flow maldistribution among parallel circuits， this phenomenon significantly reduces the outlet-air temperature uniformity. Under identical hardware and control boundaries， the COP （coefficient of performance）of R454C at cooling temperatures of 40 ℃-43 ℃ is 13.8%-20.0% higher than that of R134a， while effective low-temperature operation is maintained down to -20 ℃. These results indicate that， for low-GWP refrigerant blends with temperature glide， the optimization of automotive heat pump systems should shift from single-parameter optimization toward coordinated matching of refrigerant charge， superheat， heat transfer capacity， and system heat transfer paths. The findings provide a basis for the system design and control of low-GWP zeotropic refrigerants in electric-vehicle thermal management systems.

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