- Editorial Board
- Literature
- Submit/Guide
- Agreement
- 个人中心
- 退出登录
浏览全部资源
扫码关注微信
- Editorial Board
- Editorial Board
- Previous Editorial Board
- Youth Editorial Board
- Previous Youth Editorial Board
- Literature
- Latest Issue
- Archive
- Online First
- Submit/Guide
- Operating Instructions
- Instructions for Author
- Review Process
- Article Processing Charge
- Publishing Ethics
- Signature & Conflicts of Interest
- Download
- Agreement
- Copyright Announcement
- Open Access Policy
- Archiving Policy
Advancements in Low-GWP Refrigerant Substitution and Lubricant Technologies for Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems
- Journal of Refrigeration Pages: 1-11(2026)
- 作者机构：
天津大学机械工程学院 天津 300072
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52476015)
DOI：10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20250703002
CLC： TB61+2;TU831.3- CSTR：XXXXX.XX.XXX.20250703002
Received：03 July 2025，
Revised：2025-08-15，
Accepted：19 August 2025，
Online First：06 March 2026，
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
贺红霞,杨昭,张淑萍.多联机系统低GWP制冷剂替代及润滑油技术发展[J].制冷学报,
He Hongxia Yang Zhao Zhang Shuping.Advancements in Low-GWP Refrigerant Substitution and Lubricant Technologies for Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems[J].Journal of Refrigeration,
贺红霞,杨昭,张淑萍.多联机系统低GWP制冷剂替代及润滑油技术发展[J].制冷学报, DOI：10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20250703002. CSTR： XXXXX.XX.XXX.20250703002.
He Hongxia Yang Zhao Zhang Shuping.Advancements in Low-GWP Refrigerant Substitution and Lubricant Technologies for Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems[J].Journal of Refrigeration, DOI：10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20250703002. CSTR： XXXXX.XX.XXX.20250703002.
摘要
在全球应对气候变化和加速制冷剂低碳转型的背景下，多联机系统低GWP制冷剂替代技术研究已成为制冷空调领域的重要课题。本文系统综述了多联机系统低GWP制冷剂替代技术的研究进展。通过构建“政策-性能-技术”三维分析框架，深入分析了全球主要经济体法规政策对技术路线的影响，评估了R32、R454B等替代制冷剂的热物性特征。研究表明，R32在能效方面较R410A提升2.1%~10.2%，但需加强A2L可燃性管控；R454C等低GWP制冷剂虽满足环保要求，却存在5.9%~7.6%的能效损失。研究重点评述了压缩机优化、润滑油控制、长距离输配等关键技术突破，特别探讨了基于深度学习的智能充注量诊断技术和二次回路系统在降低可燃制冷剂充注量方面的安全解决方案。针对材料可靠性、系统匹配性等挑战，提出了分阶段实施的技术路线。本综述不仅为多联机行业低碳转型提供了系统的理论支撑，同时也为相关政策制定和技术研发方向提供了重要参考。
Abstract
Against the backdrop of global climate change mitigation and the accelerating transition toward low-GWP refrigerants， research on alternative refrigerants for variable refrigerant flow （VRF） systems has emerged as a critical focus in refrigeration and air conditioning. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent advances in low-GWP refrigerant replacement technologies for VRF systems. A three-dimensional analytical framework encompassing "policy-performance-technology" was developed to systematically evaluate the influence of regulatory policies in major global economies on technological pathways and to assess the thermophysical properties of alternative refrigerants such as R32 and R454B. The findings indicated that R32 offered a 2.1%-10.2% improvement in energy efficiency compared with R410A although stricter control measures were required because of its A2L flammability classification. In contrast， low-GWP refrigerants， such as R454C， met environmental requirements but resulted in a 5.9%-7.6% decline in energy efficiency. Key technological breakthroughs were reviewed， including compressor optimization， lubricant management， and long-distance refrigerant distribution. Special emphasis was placed on safety-enhancing solutions such as intelligent refrigerant charge diagnostics based on deep learning and the application of secondary loop systems to reduce the charge of flammable refrigerants. To address the challenges related to material compatibility and system integration， a phased implementation roadmap was proposed. This review provided a systematic theoretical foundation for the low-carbon transition of the VRF industry and offered valuable insights for future policymaking and technology development.
关键词
Keywords
references
GB/T 18837—2015 多联式空调（热泵）机组 ［S］.（GB/T 18837 —
2015 Multi-connected air-condition（heat pump） unit ［S］.
生态环境部 ， 国家发展和改革委 ， 工业和信息化部 ， 等 . 关于印发《中国履行〈关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书〉国家方案（2025—2030年）》的通知 ［EB/OL］.（ 2025-04-09 ）［ 2025-07-01 ］. https：//www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202504/content_7021651.htm https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202504/content_7021651.htm .
Ministry of Ecology and Environment ， National Development and Reform Commission ， Ministry of Industry and Information Technology ， et al . Notice on issuing the National Implementation Plan for China's Compliance with the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer （ 2025 — 2030 ）［EB/OL］.（ 2025-04-09 ）［ 2025-07-01 ］. https：//www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202504/content_7021651.htm https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202504/content_7021651.htm .
Amend the regulations in accordance with the "Act on Rational Use and Appropriate Management of Fluorocarbons" ［EB/OL］.［ 2025-07-01 ］. https：//www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/sankoshin/seizo_sangyo/kagaku_busshitsu/flon_taisaku/018.html https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/sankoshin/seizo_sangyo/kagaku_busshitsu/flon_taisaku/018.html .
JRAIA . Guideline of design construction for ensuring safety against refrigerant leakage from commercial air conditioners using lower flammability （A2L） refrigerants ［EB/OL］. （ 2025-04 ）［ 2025-07-01 ］. https：//www.jraia.or.jp/jra/ https://www.jraia.or.jp/jra/ .
Regulation EU） 2024 / 573 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 February 2024 on fluorinated greenhouse gases， amending Directive （EU） 2019 / 1937 and repealing Regulation （EU） No 517/2014 （Text with EEA relevance） ［EB/OL］.［ 2025-07-01 ］. https：//eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ EN/ TXT/ uri=CELEX：32024R0573 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/uri=CELEX:32024R0573 .
ECHA publishes PFAS restriction proposal ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-07-01 ］. https：// echa.europa.eu/-/echa-publishes-pfas-restriction-proposal https://echa.europa.eu/-/echa-publishes-pfas-restriction-proposal .
Enforcement of the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020 ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-07-01 ］. https：//www.epa.gov/enforcement/enforcement-american-innovation-and-manufacturing-act-2020 https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/enforcement-american-innovation-and-manufacturing-act-2020 .
EPA Launches Biggest Deregulatory Action in U.S. History ［EB/OL］. （ 2025-03-12 ）［ 2025-07-01 ］. https：//www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-launches-biggest-deregulatory-action-us-history https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-launches-biggest-deregulatory-action-us-history .
SB-682 Environmental health： product safety： perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances ［EB/OL］.［ 2025-07-01 ］. https：//leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml bill_id=202520260SB682 https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtmlbill_id=202520260SB682 .
Panato V H ， Marcucci Pico D F ， Bandarra Filho E P . Experimental evaluation of R32， R452B and R454B as alternative refrigerants for R410A in a refrigeration system ［J］. International Journal of Refrigeration ， 2022 ， 135 ： 221 - 230 .
ISO 817：2024 Refrigerants-designation and safety classification ［S］.
GB/T 7778—2017 制冷剂编号方法和安全性分类 ［S］.
GB/T 7778—2017 Refrigeration air conditioning equipment， number designation and safety classification of refrigerants ［S］.
Tran N ， Kasireddy R V ， Wang C C . An experimental investigation on convective boiling heat transfer of R-454B with lubricant oil of POE-32 or POE-68 mixture in a horizontal smooth tube ［J］. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer ， 2021 ， 181 ： 121990 .
Hsu C Y ， Chien L H ， Chang J C . Experimental study of falling film evaporation of refrigerants， R32， R1234yf， R410A， R452B and R454B on horizontal tubes ［J］. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer ， 2023 ， 205 ： 123914 .
李庆普 ， 陶乐仁 ， 王通 ， 等 . R32水平单管内的蒸发换热特性 ［J］. 制冷学报 ， 2017 ， 38 （ 3 ）： 36 - 42 .
Li Qingpu ， Tao Leren ， Wang Tong ， et al . Evaporation heat transfer of R32 inside horizontal tubes ［J］. Journal of Refrigeration ， 2017 ， 38 （ 3 ）： 36 - 42 .
刘相增 ， 冯威 ， 张敢敢 ， 等 . 管内微尺度强化表面R32流动冷凝传热实验研究 ［J］. 制冷学报 ， 2023 ， 44 （ 4 ）： 51 - 59 .
Liu Xiangzeng ， Feng Wei ， Zhang Gangan ， et al . Experimental study on R32 flow and condensation heat transfer in tubes with enhanced surface ［J］. Journal of Refrigeration ， 2023 ， 44 （ 4 ）： 51 - 59 .
Kim D ， Lee D ， Lee M ， et al . Energy performance evaluation of two-phase injection heat pump employing low-GWP refrigerant R32 under various outdoor conditions ［J］. Energy ， 2021 ， 214 ： 119098 .
Yang Minghong ， Wang Baolong ， Li Xianting ， et al . Evaluation of two-phase suction， liquid injection and two-phase injection for decreasing the discharge temperature of the R32 scroll compressor ［J］. International Journal of Refrigeration ， 2015 ， 59 ： 269 - 280 .
杨絮霏 ， 王宝龙 ， 程作 ， 等 . 使用多次制冷剂喷射实现（近）等温压缩 ［J］. 工程热物理学报 ， 2019 ， 40 （ 12 ）： 2705 - 2711 .
Yang Xufei ， Wang Baolong ， Cheng Zuo ， et al . Using multiple refrigerant injection to achieve near-isothermal compression ［J］. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics ， 2019 ， 40 （ 12 ）： 2705 - 2711 .
Kang D ， Jeong J H ， Ryu B . Heating performance of a VRF heat pump system incorporating double vapor injection in scroll compressor ［J］. International Journal of Refrigeration ， 2018 ， 96 ： 50 - 62 .
Yang Minghong ， Shao Shuangquan . Numerical investigation on scroll compressor with intermediate discharge valve for VRF annual performance promotion ［J］. International Journal of Refrigeration ， 2024 ， 168 ： 758 - 767 .
Min B ， Jang S ， Lee T ， et al . Performance comparison between bypass cycle and injection cycle for sub-cooling methods in multi-split variable refrigerant flow （VRF） system in hot seasons ［J］. International Journal of Refrigeration ， 2019 ， 107 ： 202 - 213 .
Yan Ziteng ， Zhan Feilong ， Ding Guoliang ， et al . Modeling and experimental investigation of oil retention in pipelines of multi-split air conditioning system ［J］. International Journal of Refrigeration ， 2024 ， 161 ： 242 - 262 .
杜文超 ， 秦宪 ， 童卫城 ， 等 . 家用轻型多联式空调器回油控制改善分析 ［J］. 制冷与空调（北京） ， 2022 ， 22 （ 11 ）： 44 - 46 .
Du Wenchao ， Qin Xian ， Tong Weicheng ， et al . Analysis on the improvement of oil return control of a household light multi-unit air conditioner ［J］. Refrigeration and Air-conditioning ， 2022 ， 22 （ 11 ）： 44 - 46 .
王善云 ， 辛电波 ， 陈林 ， 等 . 多联式空调（热泵）机组压缩机回油问题研究 ［J］. 制冷与空调（北京） ， 2021 ， 21 （ 8 ）： 82 - 86 .
Wang Shanyun ， Xin Dianbo ， Chen Lin ， et al . Research on oil return problem of compressor of multi-connected air-conditioning（heat pump）unit ［J］. Refrigeration and Air-conditioning ， 2021 ， 21 （ 8 ）： 82 - 86 .
Li Ziai ， Wang Baolong ， Li Xianting ， et al . Simulation on effects of subcooler on cooling performance of multi-split variable refrigerant flow systems with different lengths of refrigerant pipeline ［J］. Energy and Buildings ， 2016 ， 126 ： 301 - 309 .
燕子腾 ， 曹昊敏 ， 庄大伟 ， 等 . 高落差多分支管路结构对多联式空调系统能力影响的快速仿真 ［J］. 制冷学报 ， 2023 ， 44 （ 1 ）： 59 - 70 .
Yan Ziteng ， Cao Haomin ， Zhuang Dawei ， et al . Fast simulation of influence of significant height difference and multiple branch pipeline structure on indoor unit performance in VRF system ［J］. Journal of Refrigeration ， 2023 ， 44 （ 1 ）： 59 - 70 .
Ham S ， Choi S ， Jeong J H . Two-phase flow distribution in a refrigerant distributor having four indoor-unit connections of a variable refrigerant flow system ［J］. International Journal of Refrigeration ， 2021 ， 126 ： 246 - 258 .
Ko J ， Choi S ， Hwan Jeong J . Investigation of two-phase flow distribution in the vertical annular distribution header of a variable refrigerant flow heat pump system ［J］. Applied Thermal Engineering ， 2024 ， 257 ： 124248 .
Hu Yifeng ， Zhang Yun ， Liu Xiaoyu ， et al . Development and demonstration of a method to detect refrigerant charge level for variable refrigerant volume systems ［J］. Applied Thermal Engineering ， 2023 ， 235 ： 121354 .
Zeng Yuke ， Chen Huanxin ， Xu Chengliang ， et al . A hybrid deep forest approach for outlier detection and fault diagnosis of variable refrigerant flow system ［J］. International Journal of Refrigeration ， 2020 ， 120 ： 104 - 118 .
Zhang Xue ， Cheng Yunxi ， Chen Huanxin ， et al . Refrigerant charge fault diagnosis in VRF systems using Kolmogorov-Arnold networks and their convolutional variants： a comparative analysis with traditional models ［J］. Energy and Buildings ， 2025 ， 336 ： 115608 .
Zha Fuhai ， Wang Yuan ， Liang Chenjiyu ， et al . Utilizing multi-connected three-fluid heat exchangers in indoor units to improve the low load-ratio performance of variable refrigerant flow systems ［J］. Journal of Building Engineering ， 2025 ， 103 ： 112150 .
City Multi Hybrid Branch Controllers ［EB/OL］.［ 2025-07-01 ］. https：//les.mitsubishielectric.co.uk/products/air-conditioning/city-multi-hvrf/bc-controller-hvrf https://les.mitsubishielectric.co.uk/products/air-conditioning/city-multi-hvrf/bc-controller-hvrf .
Meng Jianjun ， Liu Min ， Zhang Wenqiang ， et al . Experimental investigation on cooling performance of multi-split variable refrigerant flow system with microchannel condenser under part load conditions ［J］. Applied Thermal Engineering ， 2015 ， 81 ： 232 - 241 .
Wei Wenjian ， Lin Kaibing ， Du Yubin ， et al . Thermal-hydraulic characteristics of R32 and R410A flow boiling in plate heat exchangers with 1 mm chevron depth ［J］. International Journal of Refrigeration ， 2024 ， 168 ： 190 - 207 .
0
Views
0
下载量
0
CSCD
- L-PDFDownload
- Meta-XMLDownload
- BibTeXDownload
- EndnoteDownload
- RefMan Download
- NoteExpressDownload
- NoteFirstDownload
Publicity Resources
Related Articles
Related Author
Related Institution
- Address：10/F, Yindu Mansion, 67 Fucheng Road, Haidian Dist, Beijing, China Postal code：100142
- Tel：010-68711412 Email：editor@car.org.cn
- Technical support is provided by Beijing Founder electronics co., LTD 京ICP备09064830号-19
京公网安备11010802024621 - It is recommended to read the content of this site in Chrome&IE9+. Please switch to extreme mode in browser 360.
- Cookies We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies.