Xiao Xin Xu Wenqiang.Optimal Investigation on the Thermal Management of Battery Based on a Bionic Shark Scale Structure[J].Journal of Refrigeration,2026,47(04):54-61.
To improve heat dissipation in the thermal management of batteries for electric vehicles, this study proposes a bionic structure based on shark scales. The design optimizes a phase-change material (PCM) heat sink in conjunction with axial air cooling to regulate battery temperature. Based on performance tests of the battery, a three-dimensional model was built to investigate and compare the heat dissipation of the battery under different conditions, including natural convection, forced convection, forced convection coupled with PCM, and forced convection coupled with bionics-optimized PCM. The results indicate that the temperature rise of the battery with the forced convection coupled with bionics-optimized PCM is only 33.6% of that with natural convection at a 2 C discharge rate, and the average temperature of the battery is 41.8 °C, which keeps the battery within a suitable temperature range. In addition, the bionic structure can reduce the pressure drop at the inlet and outlet by 4% compared with the traditional method.
关键词
Keywords
references
Eltoumi F M , Becherif M , Djerdir A , et al . The key issues of electric vehicle charging via hybrid power sources: techno-economic viability, analysis, and recommendations [J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 2021 , 138 : 110534 .
International Energy Agency . Global EV Outlook 2024 [EB/OL]. ( 2024-04-23 )[ 2025-04-30 ]. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2024 https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2024 .
Wen Jianping , Zhao Dan , Zhang Chuanwei . An overview of electricity powered vehicles: lithium-ion battery energy storage density and energy conversion efficiency [J]. Renewable Energy , 2020 , 162 : 1629 - 1648 .
Yang Fan , Xie Yuanyuan , Deng Yelin , et al . Predictive modeling of battery degradation and greenhouse gas emissions from U.S. state-level electric vehicle operation [J]. Nature Communications , 2018 , 9 : 2429 .
Yang Wen , Zhou Fei , Zhou Haobing , et al . Thermal performance of axial air cooling system with bionic surface structure for cylindrical lithium-ion battery module [J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer , 2020 , 161 : 120307 .
Zhao Gang , Wang Xiaolin , Negnevitsky M , et al . An up-to-date review on the design improvement and optimization of the liquid-cooling battery thermal management system for electric vehicles [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering , 2023 , 219 : 119626 .
Jouhara H , Serey N , Khordehgah N , et al . Investigation, development and experimental analyses of a heat pipe based battery thermal management system [J]. International Journal of Thermofluids , 2020 , 1 : 100004 .
Liu Changcheng , Xu Dengji , Weng Jingwen , et al . Phase change materials application in battery thermal management system: a review [J]. Materials , 2020 , 13 ( 20 ): 4622 .
Jilte R D , Kumar R , Ahmadi M H . Cooling performance of nanofluid submerged vs. nanofluid circulated battery thermal management systems [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production , 2019 , 240 : 118131 .
Smith J , Singh R , Hinterberger M , et al . Battery thermal management system for electric vehicle using heat pipes [J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences , 2018 , 134 : 517 - 529 .
Jilte R D , Kumar R , Ahmadi M H , et al . Battery thermal management system employing phase change material with cell-to-cell air cooling [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering , 2019 , 161 : 114199 .
Safdari M , Ahmadi R , Sadeghzadeh S . Numerical investigation on PCM encapsulation shape used in the passive-active battery thermal management [J]. Energy , 2020 , 193 : 116840 .
吕又付 . 退役磷酸铁锂动力电池的热-电化学特性及其热安全性研究 [D]. 广州 : 广东工业大学 , 2020 . (Lü Youfu. Investigation of thermo-electrochemical characteristic and thermal safety of retired LiFePO4 power batteries[D]. Guangzhou: Guangdong University of Technology , 2020.
Choudhari V G , Dhoble A S , Panchal S . Numerical analysis of different fin structures in phase change material module for battery thermal management system and its optimization [J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer , 2020 , 163 : 120434 .
Wu Weixiong , Yang Xiaoqing , Zhang Guoqing , et al . An experimental study of thermal management system using copper mesh-enhanced composite phase change materials for power battery pack [J]. Energy , 2016 , 113 : 909 - 916 .
Lauder G V , Wainwright D K , Domel A G , et al . Structure, biomimetics, and fluid dynamics of fish skin surfaces [J]. Physical Review Fluids , 2016 , 1 ( 6 ): 060502 .
Boomsma A , Sotiropoulos F . Direct numerical simulation of sharkskin denticles in turbulent channel flow [J]. Physics of Fluids , 2016 , 28 ( 3 ): 035106 .
Bechert D W , Bruse M , Hage W , et al . Experiments on drag-reducing surfaces and their optimization with an adjustable geometry [J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics , 1997 , 338 ( 1 ): 59 - 87 .
Xu Wenqiang . Research on optimization of shark-like structure for flexible composite phase change materials and battery thermal management system coupled with air cooling [D]. Shanghai : Donghua University , 2025 .