An efficient battery thermal management system is crucial for the safe operation of lithium batteries. In this paper

an embedded composite cooling plate that integrates wavy flow channels with phase change material (PCM) and liquid cooling for thermal management of lithium batteries was designed. From the perspective of recovering the latent heat of thermally saturated PCM

an evaluation method was proposed to quantitatively analyze the latent heat recovery performance

flow energy consumption

and overall performance of different structural configurations

and the optimal structural configuration was obtained by comparing the overall performances: circular flow shape - circular cross-section - double channels - cross-sectional area of 36 mm2 - circular arc angle of 150°. The validity of the numerical model was verified by the temperature experiment on the manufactured cooling plate. Based on the optimal cooling plate structure

the heat generation of lithium batteries during 3 C rate operation was equated using a surface heat source

and the effects of several delayed-start strategies for liquid cooling based on the PCM liquid phase fraction on the thermal management performance were discussed. The results show that the best temperature performance can be achieved by switching on the liquid cooling when the PCM liquid phase fraction reaches 0.6.