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1.中国科学院理化技术研究所 低温科学与技术全国重点实验室 北京 100190
2. 中国科学院大学 北京 100049
3. 华东师范大学 精密光谱科学与技术高等研究院 上海 200062
4. 南通大学物理科学与技术学院 南通 226019
Zhong Biao, male, research professor, State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 86-10-82543733, E-mail: bzhong@mail.ipc.ac.cn. Research fields: solid-state laser cooling, vibration-free optical refrigeration technology and optical cryocoolers.
Received:05 August 2026,
Revised:2026-09-01,
Accepted:02 September 2026,
Online First:14 September 2026,
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杨浩东,祖晨宇,张佳宜,等. 低温光学制冷器的研究进展[J]. 制冷学报,XXXX,XX(XX):1-15.
Yang Haodong,Zu Chenyu,Zhang Jiayi,et al. Research Progress in Optical Cryocoolers[J]. Journal of Refrigeration,XXXX,XX(XX):1-15.
杨浩东,祖晨宇,张佳宜,等. 低温光学制冷器的研究进展[J]. 制冷学报,XXXX,XX(XX):1-15. DOI: 10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20260805001.
Yang Haodong,Zu Chenyu,Zhang Jiayi,et al. Research Progress in Optical Cryocoolers[J]. Journal of Refrigeration,XXXX,XX(XX):1-15. DOI: 10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20260805001.
固体光制冷技术是一种利用反斯托克斯荧光冷却目标载荷的新型制冷技术,具有无振动、无电磁干扰等优势。近年来,随着光制冷材料体系不断拓展,材料性能持续提升以及泵浦吸收增强和光热管理等关键技术的发展,固体光制冷的最低可达温度已从早期的室温附近降至亚100 K温区,成功进入低温光学制冷器范畴。本文围绕低温光学制冷器的研究进展,从光制冷物理机制、光制冷材料体系、增强泵浦吸收、光热管理、系统集成等方面进行综述。通过对相关研究进展的归纳可得:低温下泵浦吸收衰减、制冷晶体制冷功率有限以及系统寄生热负载大,是制约进一步降温和载荷端有效制冷功率提升的主要因素。未来需从提高材料制冷性能、强化低温泵浦吸收和优化系统级热管理等方面协同推进,以进一步提升低温光学制冷器的综合性能及应用能力。
Significance
2
Optical cryocoolers are cryogenic refrigeration devices based on anti-Stokes fluorescence. They feature vibration-free operation without moving parts, freedom from electromagnetic interference, and a compact architecture. With the increasing demand for low-vibration and highly reliable cryogenic cooling in space infrared detection, optical clocks, precision time-frequency metrologies, and deep-space science missions, optical cryocoolers show a significant potential for future applications in space payloads, precision measurements, and low-noise detections.
Progress
2
This study reviews the development of optical cryocoolers from the perspectives of basic principles and emerging physical mechanisms of solid-state optical refrigeration, optical refrigeration material systems, pump absorption enhancement, thermal management, and system integration. In terms of materials, the developments of Yb
3+
-doped fluoride glasses and crystals, long-wavelength rare-earth-ion-doped materials based on Er
3+
and Tm
3+
/Ho
3+
, rare-earth-ion-codoped fluoride crystals and semiconductor materials are summarized. In terms of pump absorption enhancement, the operational characteristics and applicable conditions of non-resonant multipass cavities and resonant cavities are compared. In terms of the thermal management, the effects of thermal-link materials, structural design, and bonding techniques on heat conduction, fluorescence isolation, and cryogenic reliability are analyzed. Regarding system integration, the development from cooling the optical refrigeration material itself to cooling external payload, as well as approaches such as parallel multi-crystal configurations for enhancing the system cooling capacity, are reviewed, and the limitations imposed by the low cooling power of the refrigeration crystal and large system-level parasitic heat loads on the effective cooling power delivered to the payload are summarized.
Conclusions
2
The exploration of emerging physical mechanisms provides new pathways for solid-state optical refrigeration. Yb
3+
-doped fluoride crystals remain the most mature material system for cryogenic optical refrigeration. Non-resonant multipass cavities and resonant cavities can effectively improve pump absorption at cryoge
nic temperatures, while thermal management strategies provide the key methods of transferring cooling power from the refrigeration crystal to an external payload. Based on this, optical cryocoolers have progressed from cooling the refrigeration material itself to cooling external payload, and proof-of-concept prototypes have been demonstrated. The vibration-free nature of optical refrigeration also offers potential for silicon ultrastable reference cavities in optical-clock systems, solid-state nuclear clocks, infrared detections and imagings, and optically levitated precision measurements. However, owing to the limited cooling power of the refrigeration crystal and parasitic heat loads arising from thermal radiation, support conduction, fluorescence absorption, and interfacial thermal resistance, the effective cooling power delivered to the payload remains low, which is a major limitation for further applications.
Prospects The future development of optical cryocoolers requires coordinated improvements in material performance, pump absorption at cryogenic temperatures, and a system-level thermal management. Increasing the cooling power of the refrigeration crystal, reducing parasitic heat loads, and optimizing thermal management strategies are expected to enhance effective payload cooling and promote engineering applications in infrared detection, optical clocks, and space science missions.
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