Thermal Performance of Vapor Chamber with Dual-Gradient Pore Wicks

Peng Jianglong; Chen Zhixin; Huang Renchao

doi:10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20260518002

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Thermal Performance of Vapor Chamber with Dual-Gradient Pore Wicks

更新时间：2026-09-11

- Thermal Performance of Vapor Chamber with Dual-Gradient Pore Wicks
- Journal of Refrigeration Pages: 1-9(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  东华理工大学电子与电气工程学院南昌 330013
- 作者简介：
  
  Chen Zhixin， male， Ph. D.， professor，School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering， East China University of Technology， 86-13755757343， E-mail： zhxchen@ecit.cn. Research fields： composite material.
- 基金信息：
  
  the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52365054)
- DOI：10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20260518002
  CLC： TB61⁺1;TK124;TK172.4
- Received：18 May 2026，
  
  Revised：2026-06-14，
  
  Accepted：14 July 2026，
  
  Online First：11 September 2026，
- 稿件说明：
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彭江龙，陈志新，黄仁超. 双端梯度孔吸液芯均热板热学性能研究［J］. 制冷学报，XXXX，XX（XX）：1-9.

Peng Jianglong，Chen Zhixin，Huang Renchao. Thermal Performance of Vapor Chamber with Dual-Gradient Pore Wicks［J］. Journal of Refrigeration，XXXX，XX（XX）：1-9.
彭江龙，陈志新，黄仁超. 双端梯度孔吸液芯均热板热学性能研究［J］. 制冷学报，XXXX，XX（XX）：1-9. DOI： 10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20260518002.

Peng Jianglong，Chen Zhixin，Huang Renchao. Thermal Performance of Vapor Chamber with Dual-Gradient Pore Wicks［J］. Journal of Refrigeration，XXXX，XX（XX）：1-9. DOI： 10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20260518002.

摘要

为研究双梯度吸液芯最佳配置以电子设备散热需求，本文以纯铝和100目、200目球形铝粉为原材料，制作了4种相同孔隙率不同孔径梯度结构双吸液芯均热板，增加梯度影响参数Δ

，以均热板均温性、热阻、启动响应时间等作为测试目标对均热板进行测试。实验发现，蒸发端与冷凝端吸液芯结构分别为从外到里孔径递减和从外到里孔径递增的均热板C均温性能最优，两端面内温差比无梯度均热板两端对应面内温差分别降低了24.02%和26.07%；Δ

证实了合理的梯度结构对均热板有促进作用，C均热板（Δ

0）实现了驱动与流动阻力的正向协同，在高功率下（80 W）获得了最低热阻0.11 ℃/W与最短启动响应时间385 s；脉冲加载下，低功率下温度降幅几乎不受结构影响，但随脉冲周期的增长而增加，当脉冲周期从360 s增至1 200 s时，降幅从57.70%增至82.21%。

Abstract

Objective

Previous studies have demonstrated that gradient wick vapor chambers exhibit high temperature uniformity， low thermal resistance， and a high capillary limit. However， most reported vapor chambers with gradient wicks are fabricated from copper； they typically employ either a single gradient wick layer or a dual-section gradient structure connecting the condenser and evaporator sides. By contrast， aluminum vapor chambers incorporating two gradient wick layers are rarely investigated. In this study， an aluminum vapor chamber featuring two gradient wicks was fabricated to investigate its performance under specific operating conditions and varying wick gradient orientations. The findings provide a thermal-management reference for electronic devices in typical operating scenarios.

Method

Aluminum powder was used as the working material. A 2×2 factorial design was established based on the gradient orientations at

the evaporator and condenser sections， and four aluminum vapor chambers with dual-gradient wicks were fabricated accordingly. A test platform was established for porosity， permeability， thermal resistance， and temperature uniformity characterizations. Meanwhile， Δ

was introduced to quantify the gradient difference between the upper and lower wick structures.

Results and Discussion

Experiments show that under general operating conditions， the vapor chamber C—featuring inward-decreasing pore sizes at the evaporator end and outward-increasing pore sizes at the condenser end—exhibits excellent heat transfer and start-up performance. This is because the evaporator-end design directionally guides the working fluid backflow， thus reducing the risk of “dry-out”； additionally， the high permeability at the center of the condenser end accelerates heat exchange between the working-fluid vapor and condensate. At 80 W， vapor chamber C achieved the fastest start-up response time of 385 s. Compared with the start-up response time of 657 s for a nongradient vapor chamber， the structure of vapor chamber C enables more efficient working fluid circulation， thus accelerating start-up. Under pulsed operating conditions， thermal accumulation is governed by the structure. As the number of pulses increases， thermal accumulation decreases rapidly， with the reduction rate positively correlated with the pulse period. Under pulse periods of 360， 600， 960， and 1200 s， thermal accumulation during the third pulse decreased by 57.70%， 72.85%， 78.77%， and 82.21% compared with that during the first pulse， respectively.

Conclusions

Vapor chamber C—featuring inward-decreasing pore sizes at the evaporator end and outward-increasing pore sizes at the condenser end—exhibited optimal temperature uniformity. Compared with a non-gradient vapor chamber， the in-plane temperature differences at both ends of vapor chamber C were 24.02% and 26.07% lower. Δ

values

confirmed that an optimized gradient structure significantly enhanced the vapor chamber performance. For vapor chamber C （Δ

0）， the graded structure successfully balanced the capillary driving force and viscous pressure drop. Under high power （80 W）， vapor chamber C attained a minimum thermal resistance of 0.11 ℃/W and the shortest start-up response time of 385 s. Under pulsed loading， the temperature drop at low power was almost unaffected by the structure but increased with the pulse period. As the pulse period increased from 360 to 1200 s， the temperature drop increased from 57.70% to 82.21%.

关键词

Keywords

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