Annual Energy-Carbon Characteristics and Efficiency Evaluation of an Integrated Cooling and Waste-Heat Recovery System in Data Centers

Zhou Feng; Tian Xuwen; Chen Mingfei; Peng Yanyan; Yao Kewen; Ma Guoyuan

doi:10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20250808003

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

Annual Energy-Carbon Characteristics and Efficiency Evaluation of an Integrated Cooling and Waste-Heat Recovery System in Data Centers

更新时间：2026-03-12

- Annual Energy-Carbon Characteristics and Efficiency Evaluation of an Integrated Cooling and Waste-Heat Recovery System in Data Centers
- Journal of Refrigeration Vol. 47, Issue 1, Pages: 71-79(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.北京工业大学制冷与低温工程系北京 100124
  2. 中国移动通信集团设计院有限公司北京 100089
  3. 中国标准化研究院北京 100191
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
  
  the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52478075)
- DOI：10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20250808003
  CLC： TB61⁺1;TB657.5
- CSTR：XXXXX.XX.XXX.20250808003
- Received：08 August 2025，
  
  Revised：2025-08-20，
  
  Accepted：04 September 2025，
  
  Published：16 February 2026
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
周峰,田旭文,陈鸣飞等.数据中心冷热一体化综合系统全年能碳特性及效率评价分析[J].制冷学报,2026,47(01):71-79.

Zhou Feng,Tian Xuwen,Chen Mingfei,et al.Annual Energy-Carbon Characteristics and Efficiency Evaluation of an Integrated Cooling and Waste-Heat Recovery System in Data Centers[J].Journal of Refrigeration,2026,47(01):71-79.
周峰,田旭文,陈鸣飞等.数据中心冷热一体化综合系统全年能碳特性及效率评价分析[J].制冷学报,2026,47(01):71-79. DOI： 10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20250808003. CSTR： XXXXX.XX.XXX.20250808003.

Zhou Feng,Tian Xuwen,Chen Mingfei,et al.Annual Energy-Carbon Characteristics and Efficiency Evaluation of an Integrated Cooling and Waste-Heat Recovery System in Data Centers[J].Journal of Refrigeration,2026,47(01):71-79. DOI： 10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20250808003. CSTR： XXXXX.XX.XXX.20250808003.

摘要

数据中心余热回收利用是当前数据中心绿色低碳化发展的关键技术路径之一，深入分析其全年能耗及碳排放，合理评价系统综合效率，对有效推动数据中心资源综合利用具有重要意义。本文针对耦合制冷的数据中心冷热一体化综合系统，从能量和碳排放2个维度提出了综合㶲效率

https://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=101739413&type=

https://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=101739400&type=

5.41866684

3.80999994

及综合碳效率

https://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=101739437&type=

https://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=101739449&type=

5.41866684

3.80999994

评价指标，并进行验证，结果表明：综合㶲效率指标可以准确评价数据中心冷热一体化综合系统的效率，其中拉萨的系统综合㶲效率达到16.58%，哈尔滨的最低，为15.39%；综合碳效率指标可以具体量化冷热一体化综合系统替代不同传统系统的实际降碳收益，根据供热方式

的不同，拉萨的系统综合碳效率可以达到3.75~4.45。本文所提的2个评价指标可以有效评估数据中心冷热一体化综合系统的余热回收利用效率并降碳收益，对推动数据中心余热利用落地实施及升级改造具有指导意义。

Abstract

Waste-heat recovery and utilization represent key technological pathways for promoting the low-carbon development of data centers. A comprehensive analysis of annual energy consumption and carbon emissions， coupled with a rational evaluation of system-level efficiency， is essential for advancing the integrated utilization of data-center resources. This study focuses on an integrated cooling and waste-heat recovery system in data centers and proposes two evaluation indicators from the perspectives of energy and carbon emissions： general exergy efficiency，

https://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=101739413&type=

https://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=101739400&type=

5.41866684

3.80999994

and general carbon efficiency，

https://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=101739437&type=

https://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=101739449&type=

5.41866684

3.80999994

. The proposed indicators are validated using simulation data. The results indicate that the general exergy efficiency metric effectively evaluates data center integrated systems. Specifically， the system in Lhasa achieves the highest general exergy efficiency of 29.27%， whereas the lowest general exergy efficiency （23.65 %） is observed in Harbin. The general carbon efficiency indicator enables a quantitative assessment of the carbon-reduction potential achieved by replacing conventional heating systems integrated with data centers. Depending on the type of displaced traditional heating technology used， the general carbon efficiency in Lhasa ranges from 3.75 to 4.45. Overall， the proposed evaluation framework provides a robust and rational basis for assessing the operational efficiency and carbon-mitigation potential of data center integrated systems， offering valuable guidance for their practical deployment and retrofitting in modern data centers.

关键词

Keywords

references

科智咨询 . 2023—2024中国IDC行业发展研究报告［R］. 北京：北京科智咨询有限公司， 2024 .

Kezhi Consulting . China IDC industry development research report， 2023-2024 ［R］. Beijing ： Beijing Kezhi Consulting Co.， Ltd. ， 2024 .

国家数据局 . 数字中国发展报告（2023年）［R］. 北京：国家数据局， 2024 .

National Data Administration . Digital China development report（2023）［R］. Beijing ： National Data Administration ， 2024 .

葛警军，王更，邢金芳 . 基于数据中心的能耗测试有效查询优化技术研究［J］. 科学技术创新， 2023 （ 24 ）： 84 - 87 .

GE Jingjun ， WANG Geng ， XING Jinfang . Research on effective query optimization technology based on data center energy consumption eest ［J］. Scientific and Technological Innovation ， 2023 （ 24 ）： 84 - 87 .

周海珠，吕天文，张慧鑫 . 数据中心节能技术及发展方向分析［J］. 建设科技， 2020 （ 14 ）： 27 - 30 .

ZHOU Haizhu ， LYU Tianwen ， ZHANG Huixin . Research and analysis of energy-saving technology and development trend of data center ［J］. Construction Science and Technology ， 2020 （ 14 ）： 27 - 30 .

卢彬盛，何石泉，符军 . 数据中心余热利用现状及其跨季储热前景分析［J］. 节能， 2023 ， 42 （ 8 ）： 88 - 92 .

LU Binsheng ， HE Shiquan ， FU Jun . Present situation of waste heat utilization in data center and its inter-seasonal heat storage prospect analysis ［J］. Energy Conservation ， 2023 ， 42 （ 8 ）： 88 - 92 .

PUE： A comprehensive examination of the metric ［S］. Beaverton， OR ： Ringgold Inc ， 2014 .

数据中心和通信机房用空气调节机组： GB/T 19414—2024 ［S］. 北京：中国标准出版社， 2024 .

Air conditioning unit for data center and communication room ： GB/T 19414—2024 ［S］. Beijing ： Standards Press of China ， 2024 .

数据中心冷却系统-第1部分：综合性能系数（GCOP）测试与计算方法：T/CAR 9.1—2021 ［S］. 北京：中国标准出版社， 2021 .

Cooling system for data center-Part 1： test and calculation method of general coefficient of performance：T/CAR 9.1—2021 ［S］. Beijing ： Standards Press of China ， 2021 .

数据中心用冷水机组性能测试与评价方法：T/CAR 8—2021 ［S］. 北京：中国标准出版社， 2021 .

Performance test and evaluation method of chillers for data center：T/CAR 8—2021 ［S］. Beijing ： Standards Press of China ， 2021 .

Information technology-data centres-key performance indicators-Part 2： power usage effectiveness （PUE）： ISO/IEC 30134-2： 2016 ［S］. International Organization for Standardization， 2016 .

Information technology-data centre facilities and infrastructures Part 4-7： cooling efficiency ratio ： BS EN 50600-4-7：2020 ［S］. London ： European Committee for Electro technical Standardization ， 2020 .

Performance rating of computer and data processing room air conditioners： AHRI 1360-I-P-2017 ［S］. Arlington ： AHRI ， 2017 .

Performance rating of computer and data processing room air conditioners： AHRI 1361-SI-2017 ［S］. Arlington ： AHRI ， 2017 .

TAHERI J ， ZOMAYA A Y . Energy efficiency metrics for data center ［M］. USA ： Wiley-IEEE Press ， 2012 ： 245 - 269 .

LI Hanning ， RUSSELL N ， SHARIFI V ， et al . Techno-economic feasibility of absorption heat pumps using wastewater as the heating source for desalination ［J］. Desalination ， 2011 ， 281 ： 118 - 127 .

DEYMI-DASHTEBAYAZ M ， VALIPOUR-NAMANLO S . Thermoeconomic and environmental feasibility of waste heat recovery of a data center using air source heat pump ［J］. Journal of Cleaner Production ， 2019 ， 219 ： 117 - 126 .

MARSHALL Z M ， DUQUETTE J . A techno-economic evaluation of low global warming potential heat pump assisted organic Rankine cycle systems for data center waste heat recovery ［J］. Energy ， 2022 ， 242 ： 122528 .

MARCINICHEN J B ， OLIVIER J A ， THOME J R . On-chip two-phase cooling of datacenters： cooling system and energy recovery evaluation ［J］. Applied Thermal Engineering ， 2012 ， 41 ： 36 - 51 .

HE Zhiguang ， DING Tao ， LIU Yu ， et al . Analysis of a district heating system using waste heat in a distributed cooling data center ［J］. Applied Thermal Engineering ， 2018 ， 141 ： 1131 - 1140 .

程亨达，陈焕新，邵双全，等 . 数据中心冷却系统的综合COP评价［J］. 制冷学报， 2020 ， 41 （ 6 ）： 77 - 84 .

CHENG Hengda ， CHEN Huanxin ， SHAO Shuangquan ， et al . Comprehensive COP evaluation system for energy efficiency of data center cooling system ［J］. Journal of Refrigeration ， 2020 ， 41 （ 6 ）： 77 - 84 .

杨世铭，陶文铨 . 传热学［M］. 4版 . 北京：高等教育出版社， 2006 .

YANG Shiming ， TAO Wenquan . Heat transfer ［M］. 4th ed . Beijing ： Higher Education Press ， 2006 .

供热碳排放核算和碳排放责任分摊方法： T/CDHA20—2024 ［S］. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社， 2024 .

Method for carbon emission accounting and carbon emission responsibility allocating of heat supply T/CDHA20—2024 ［S］. Beijing ： China Architecture & Building Press ， 2024 .

ZHOU Feng ， SONG Yu ， MA Guoyuan . Load characteristics analysis of the water source heat pump heating system using data center waste heat ［J］. Energy Conversion and Management ， 2023 ， 296 ： 117679 .

ZHOU Feng ， TIAN Xuwen ， SONG Yu ， et al . Dynamic performance of an integrated heat pump system coupled free cooling and waste heat recovery in data centers ［J］. Energy ， 2025 ， 323 ： 135838 .

章雪曙 . 太阳能热水系统设计研究［D］. 武汉：华中科技大学， 2016 .

ZHANG Xueshu . Study of solar hot water system design ［D］. Wuhan ： Huazhong University of Science and Technology ， 2016 .

陈操操，邱大庆，刘耕源，等 . 北京试点碳市场行业基准值研究——以供热行业为例［J］. 中国环境科学， 2023 ， 43 （ 1 ）： 456 - 464 .

CHEN Caocao ， QIU Daqing ， LIU Gengyuan ， et al . Industry benchmark research of Beijing carbon trade pilot： a case study in thermal industry ［J］. China Environmental Science ， 2023 ， 43 （ 1 ）： 456 - 464 .

中华人民共和国生态环境部 . 2019年度中国区域电网二氧化碳基准线排放因子OM计算说明［EB/OL］. （ 2020-12-29 ）［ 2025-06-16 ］. https：//www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202012/W020201229610353816665.pdf https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202012/W020201229610353816665.pdf .

Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China . 2019 instructions for calculating the baseline carbon dioxide emission factor OM for China's regional power grids ［EB/OL］. （ 2020-12-29 ）［ 2025-06-16 ］. https：//www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202012/W020201229610353816665.pdf https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202012/W020201229610353816665.pdf .

中华人民共和国生态环境部 . 关于发布2022年电力二氧化碳排放因子的公告［EB/OL］. （ 2024-12-26 ）［ 2025-06-16 ］. https：//www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk01/202412/t20241226_1099413.html https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk01/202412/t20241226_1099413.html .

Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China . Announcement on the release of the 2022 power carbon dioxide emission factor ［EB/OL］. （ 2024-12-26 ）［ 2025-06-16 ］. https：//www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk01/202412/t20241226_1099413.html https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk01/202412/t20241226_1099413.html .

Views

556

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

Performance Optimization and Uncertainty Analysis of Integrating Data Center Cooling with Waste Heat Recovery System

Study on Channel Heat-Transfer Enhancement Technique for Data Center Air-Handling Unit

Investigation on Multi-Objective Optimization of Thermal-Hydraulic Performance for Enhanced Heat Transfer in Jet Impingement Cooling

Related Author

Chen Shuyi

Zhang Quan

Zhu Yiqun

Zhai John

Li Junshan

Guo Zhenjun

Wang Zixing Tao Wenquan

陶文铨

Related Institution

School of Civil Engineering， Hunan University

Department of Civil， Environmental and Architectural Engineering， University of Colorado at Boulder

Inspur Communication Information System Co.， Ltd.

Key Laboratory of Thermal Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE， School of Energy and Power Engineering， Xi'an Jiaotong University

China Yangtze Power Co.， Ltd.

Address：10/F, Yindu Mansion, 67 Fucheng Road, Haidian Dist, Beijing, China Postal code：100142
Tel：010-68711412 Email：editor@car.org.cn
Technical support is provided by Beijing Founder electronics co., LTD 京ICP备09064830号-19 京公网安备11010802024621
It is recommended to read the content of this site in Chrome&IE9+. Please switch to extreme mode in browser 360.
Cookies We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies.

⁰